Phono Stage article
Phono Stage for Beginners: A Complete Guide
The component amplifies your cartridge signal and corrects the frequency balance. Here is a plain-language explanation of what it does and what you need.
If you are new to vinyl and have just encountered the term phono stage, the component does two specific things: it amplifies the very weak signal from a turntable cartridge to a usable level, and it corrects the frequency balance of the audio signal by applying RIAA equalisation. Both functions are essential — without them, the audio from a turntable is inaudible or incorrect. This guide explains both in plain terms and tells you what you need to get started.
Why the Signal Is So Quiet
A turntable stylus reads vibrations in the groove of a record. The cartridge attached to the stylus converts those mechanical vibrations into an electrical signal. This signal is tiny — far quieter than the signal from a CD player, streaming device or any other common audio source. A standard amplifier input is designed for signals at a much higher level. The phono stage sits between the turntable and the amplifier, amplifying the signal to the correct level.
What RIAA Equalisation Means for You
When vinyl is recorded, the bass frequencies are reduced and the treble frequencies are boosted. This is done for practical reasons — it allows more music to fit on a record and reduces the amount of surface noise on playback. When you play the record back, the correct frequencies need to be restored. The unit you use does this automatically. If you connected a turntable to a regular line-level input without one, the sound would be thin, lacking bass, and incorrect. This is why the specialised input exists.
Do You Already Have One?
Check your amplifier for a dedicated phono input — it will usually be labelled "PHONO" on the back panel. If your amplifier has one, you already have a built-in circuit and do not need a separate unit to get started. If it does not have a dedicated phono input, or if your turntable came with one built in (many budget turntables include one), you are covered either way. A standalone phono stage delivers better performance than most built-in options, and upgrading the phono stage and is worth considering as your system develops. For a guide to choosing one, see our buyer's guide.
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